Drivers A-link Europe Port Devices

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Serial communication is the most common low-level protocol for communicating between two or more devices. Normally, one device is a computer, while the other device can be a modem, a printer, Arduino ® hardware, another computer, or a scientific instrument such as an oscilloscope or a function generator. Nuclias Wireless AC1300 Wave 2 Cloud‑Managed Access Point.

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July 12, 2005

This article was contributed by Greg Kroah-Hartman.

EuropeDrivers A-link Europe Port DevicesOne new feature in the 2.6.13-rc3 kernel release, is the ability to bindand unbind drivers from devices manually from user space. Previously,the only way to disconnect a driver from a device was usually to unloadthe whole driver from memory, using rmmod.Download a device driver

In the sysfs tree, every driver now has bind and unbind filesassociated with it:

In order to unbind a device from a driver, simply write the bus id ofthe device to the unbind file:

and the device will no longer be bound to the driver:

To bind a device to a driver, the device must first not be controlled byany other driver. To ensure this, look for the 'driver' symlink in thedevice directory:

Then, simply write the bus id of the device you wish to bind, into thebind file for that driver:

And check that the binding was successful:

As the example above shows, this capability is very useful for switching devicesbetween drivers which handle the same type of device (both theub and usb-storage drivers handle USB mass storagedevices, like flash drives.)

A number of 'enterprise' Linux distributions offer multiple drivers ofdifferent version levels in their kernel packages. This manual bindingfeature will allow configuration tools to pick and choose which devicesshould be bound to which drivers, allowing users to upgrade onlyspecific devices if they wish to.

In order for a device to bind successfully with a driver, that drivermust already support that device. This is why you can not justarbitrarily bind any device to any driver. To help with the issue ofadding new devices support to drivers after they are built, the PCIsystem offers a dynamic_id file in sysfs so that user spacecan write in new device ids that the driver should bind too. In thefuture, this ability to add new driver IDs to a running kernel will bemoved into the driver core to make it available for all buses.
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CMSIS-DAP is a specification and a implementation of a Firmware that supports access to the CoreSight Debug Access Port (DAP).
The various Arm Cortex processors provide CoreSight Debug and Trace. CMSIS-DAP supports target Devices that contain one or more Cortex processors. A Device provides a Debug Access Port (DAP) typically either with a 5-pin JTAG or with a 2-pin Serial Wired Debug (SWD) interface that connects to a Debug Unit. CMSIS-DAP is the interface firmware for a Debug Unit that connects the Debug Port to USB. Debuggers that execute on a host computer connect via USB and the Debug Unit to the Device which runs the application software.

Configuration of CMSIS-DAP Firmware

The CMSIS-DAP Firmware version 2 can be configured in two different USB interface modes:

  • Version 1 configuration uses USB HID as interface to the host PC.
  • Version 2 configuration uses WinUSB as interface to the host PC and provides high-speed SWO trace streaming.

Benefits of CMSIS-DAP

  • Provides a standardized interface for debuggers. Interfaces to many standard debuggers is available.
  • Access to CoreSight registers of all Cortex processor architectures (Cortex-A/R/M).
  • Connects via 5-pin JTAG or 2-pin Serial Wire Debug (SWD).
  • Supports multi-core debugging.
  • Supports Serial Wire Output of Cortex-M devices (new in CMSIS-DAP Version 1.1.0).
  • Easy to deploy to Debug Units based on Cortex-M microcontrollers.
  • Debug Unit may be integrated on an evaluation board.
  • USB using HID (Human Interface Device) driver class that avoids driver installation on host PC.
  • Supports time-critical JTAG or SWD command execution (new in CMSIS-DAP Version 1.10).
  • Supports Test Domain Timer for time measurement using the debug unit (new in CMSIS-DAP Version 1.2.0)

The CMSIS-DAP Firmware is provided as source code and is fully configurable to a new Debug Unit. A source code template and several reference implementations for popular Debug Units are provided. Refer to Firmware Configuration for more information.

The CMSIS-DAP Software Stack is composed of the following components:

  • CMSIS-DAP Firmware that interfaces to JTAG or SWD Debug pins using standard I/O pins of the Cortex-M device.
  • CMSIS-Driver USART that connects the UART of the Cortex-M device to the SWO output from the target.
  • USB Communication Stack that interfaces to the USB Port of the Host Computer using the HID or custom class.
  • The USB Device middleware may require CMSIS-RTOS and a CMSIS-Driver USB.

In the examples provided the MDK Version 5 USB Communication Stack has been used. However it is possible to use alternative USB stacks instead.

The CMSIS-DAP Firmware is provided in the following directory structure.

Directory Description
.CMSISDAPFirmwareConfig CMSIS-DAP Firmware configuration
.CMSISDAPFirmwareExamples CMSIS-DAP Firmware adapted to various Debug Units
.CMSISDAPFirmwareInclude CMSIS-DAP Firmware header file
.CMSISDAPFirmwareSource CMSIS-DAP Firmware source code
.CMSISDAPFirmwareTemplate Interface Templates for MDK Version 5 middleware

Validation

CMSIS-DAP compliant Debug Units must be validated using the scripts provided in Validate Debug Unit.